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Space-saving design is a requirement that is encountered in biologicalsystems and the development of modern technological devices alike. Many livingorganisms dynamically pack their polymer chains, filaments or membranes insideof deformable vesicles or soft tissue like cell walls, chorions, and buds.Surprisingly little is known about morphogenesis due to growth in flexibleconfinements - perhaps owing to the daunting complexity lying in the nonlinearfeedback between packed material and expandable cavity. Here we show byexperiments and simulations how geometric and material properties lead to aplethora of morphologies when elastic filaments are growing far beyond theequilibrium size of a flexible thin sheet they are confined in. Depending onfriction, sheet flexibility and thickness, we identify four distinctmorphological phases emerging from bifurcation and present the correspondingphase diagram. Four order parameters quantifying the transitions between thesephases are proposed.

Morphogenesis of filaments growing in flexible confinements