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Electron pumps generate a macroscopic electric current by controlledmanipulation of single electrons. Despite intensive research towards a quantumcurrent standard over the last 25 years, making a fast and accurate quantisedelectron pump has proved extremely difficult. Here we demonstrate that theaccuracy of a semiconductor quantum dot pump can be dramatically improved byusing specially designed gate drive waveforms. Our pump can generate a currentof up to 150 pA, corresponding to almost a billion electrons per second, withan experimentally demonstrated current accuracy better than 1.2 parts permillion (ppm) and strong evidence, based on fitting data to a model, that thetrue accuracy is approaching 0.01 ppm. This type of pump is a promisingcandidate for further development as a realisation of the SI base unit ampere,following a re-definition of the ampere in terms of a fixed value of theelementary charge.

Towards a quantum representation of the ampere using single electron pumps