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The first known magnetic mineral, magnetite (Fe$_3$O$_4$), has unusualproperties which have fascinated mankind for centuries; it undergoes the Verweytransition at $T_{\rm V}$ $\sim$120 K with an abrupt change in structure andelectrical conductivity. The mechanism of the Verwey transition however remainscontentious. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) over a widetemperature range across the Verwey transition to identify and separate out themagnetic excitations derived from nominal Fe$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{3+}$ states.Comparison of the RIXS results with crystal-field multiplet calculations showsthat the spin-orbital $dd$ excitons of the Fe$^{2+}$ sites arise from atetragonal Jahn-Teller active polaronic distortion of the Fe$^{2+}$O$_6$octahedra. These low-energy excitations, which get weakened for temperaturesabove 350 K but persist at least up to 550 K, are distinct from opticalexcitations and best explained as magnetic polarons.

Jahn-Teller distortion driven magnetic polarons in magnetite