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Transition metal oxides (TMOs) host a wealth of exotic phenomena ranging fromcharge, orbital, and magnetic order to nontrivial topological phases andsuperconductivity. In order to translate these unique materials properties intonovel device functionalities, TMOs must be doped. However, the nature ofcarriers in doped oxides and their conduction mechanism at the atomic scaleremain unclear. Recent angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES)investigations provided new insight into these questions, revealing that thecarriers of prototypical metal oxides undergo a transition from a polaronicliquid to a Fermi liquid regime with increasing doping. Here, by performing\textit{ab initio} many-body calculations of the ARPES spectra of TiO$_2$, weshow that this transition originates from non-adiabatic polar electron-phononcoupling, and occurs when the frequency of plasma oscillations exceeds that oflongitudinal-optical phonons. This finding suggests that a universal mechanismmay underlie polaron formation in TMOs, and provides a new paradigm forengineering emergent properties in quantum matter.

Origin of the crossover from polarons to Fermi liquids in transition metal oxides