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Arsenic and barium are ubiquitous environmental toxins that accumulate in higher trophic-level organisms. Whereas metazoans have detoxifying organs to cope with toxic metals, sponges lack organs but harbour a symbiotic microbiome performing various functions. Here we examine the potential roles of microorganisms in arsenic and barium cycles in the sponge  Theonella swinhoei , known to accumulate high levels of these metals. We show that a single sponge symbiotic bacterium,  Entotheonella  sp., constitutes the arsenic- and barium-accumulating entity within the host. These bacteria mineralize both arsenic and barium on intracellular vesicles. Our results indicate that  Entotheonella  sp. may act as a detoxifying organ for its host.

Sponge-associated bacteria mineralize arsenic and barium on intracellular vesicles