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Cavity quantum electrodynamics describes the fundamental interactions betweenlight and matter, and how they can be controlled by shaping the localenvironment. For example, optical microcavities allow high-efficiency detectionand manipulation of single atoms. In this regime fluctuations of atom numberare on the order of the mean number, which can lead to signal fluctuations inexcess of the noise on the incident probe field. Conversely, we demonstratethat nonlinearities and multi-atom statistics can together serve to suppressthe effects of atomic fluctuations when making local density measurements onclouds of cold atoms. We measure atom densities below 1 per cavity mode volumenear the photon shot-noise limit. This is in direct contrast to previousexperiments where fluctuations in atom number contribute significantly to thenoise. Atom detection is shown to be fast and efficient, reaching fidelities inexcess of 97% after 10 us and 99.9% after 30 us.

Fast cavity-enhanced atom detection with low noise and high fidelity