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Ionic migration has been proposed as a possible cause of photovoltaiccurrent-voltage hysteresis in hybrid perovskite solar cells. However, a majorobjection to this hypothesis is that hysteresis can be reduced by changing theinterfacial contact materials, which are unlikely to significantly influencethe behaviour of ionic defects within the perovskite phase. Here we usetransient optoelectronic measurements, combined with device simulations, toshow that the primary effects of ionic migration can in fact be observed bothin devices with hysteresis, and with hysteresis free type contact materials.The data indicate that electric-field screening, consistent with ionicmigration, is similar or identical in both high and low hysteresis CH3NH3PbI3cells. Simulation of the transients shows that hysteresis requires thecombination of both mobile ionic charge and recombination near the contacts.Passivating contact recombination results in higher photogenerated chargeconcentrations at forward bias which screen the ionic charge, reducinghysteresis.

Evidence for ion migration in hybrid perovskite solar cells with minimal hysteresis