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Plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus  Xanthomonas  possess transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that activate transcription of disease susceptibility genes in the host, inducing a state of disease. Here we report that some isolates of the rice pathogen  Xanthomonas oryzae  use truncated versions of TALEs (which we term interfering TALEs, or iTALEs) to overcome disease resistance. In comparison with typical TALEs, iTALEs lack a transcription activation domain but retain nuclear localization motifs and are expressed from genes that were previously considered pseudogenes. We show that the rice gene  Xa1 , encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein, confers resistance against  X. oryzae  isolates by recognizing multiple TALEs. However, the iTALEs present in many isolates interfere with the otherwise broad-spectrum resistance conferred by  Xa1 . Our findings illustrate how bacterial effectors that trigger disease resistance in the host can evolve to interfere with the resistance process and, thus, promote disease.

Interfering TAL effectors of Xanthomonas oryzae neutralize R-gene-mediated plant disease resistance