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Perovskite solar cells have shown fast deterioration during actual operationeven with encapsulation, but its mechanism has been elusive. We found thefundamental mechanism for irreversible degradation of perovskite materials inwhich trapped charges regardless of the polarity play a decisive role. A novelexperimental setup utilizing different polarity ions revealed that the moistureinduced irreversible dissociation of perovskite materials is triggered bycharges trapped along grain boundaries. Our finding clearly explained theintriguing observations why light soaking induces irreversible degradationwhile in the dark, moisture only causes reversible hydration, and whydegradation begins from different side of interface for different chargeextraction layers. The deprotonation of organic cations by trapped chargeinduced local electric field is attributed to the initiation of irreversibledecomposition.

Trapped charge driven degradation of perovskite solar cells