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Storage of anthropogenic CO 2  in geological formations relies on a caprock as the primary seal preventing buoyant super-critical CO 2  escaping. Although natural CO 2  reservoirs demonstrate that CO 2  may be stored safely for millions of years, uncertainty remains in predicting how caprocks will react with CO 2 -bearing brines. This uncertainty poses a significant challenge to the risk assessment of geological carbon storage. Here we describe mineral reaction fronts in a CO 2  reservoir-caprock system exposed to CO 2  over a timescale comparable with that needed for geological carbon storage. The propagation of the reaction front is retarded by redox-sensitive mineral dissolution reactions and carbonate precipitation, which reduces its penetration into the caprock to ∼7 cm in ∼10 5  years. This distance is an order-of-magnitude smaller than previous predictions. The results attest to the significance of transport-limited reactions to the long-term integrity of sealing behaviour in caprocks exposed to CO 2 .

Observational evidence confirms modelling of the long-term integrity of CO2-reservoir caprocks