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Calcium (Ca 2+ ) and redox signalling play important roles in acclimation processes from archaea to eukaryotic organisms. Herein we characterized a unique protein from  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  that has the competence to integrate Ca 2+ - and redox-related signalling. This protein, designated as calredoxin (CRX), combines four Ca 2+ -binding EF-hands and a thioredoxin (TRX) domain. A crystal structure of CRX, at 1.6 Å resolution, revealed an unusual calmodulin-fold of the Ca 2+ -binding EF-hands, which is functionally linked via an inter-domain communication path with the enzymatically active TRX domain. CRX is chloroplast-localized and interacted with a chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1). Ca 2+ -binding to CRX is critical for its TRX activity and for efficient binding and reduction of PRX1. Thereby, CRX represents a new class of Ca 2+ -dependent ‘sensor-responder' proteins. Genetically engineered  Chlamydomonas  strains with strongly diminished amounts of CRX revealed altered photosynthetic electron transfer and were affected in oxidative stress response underpinning a function of CRX in stress acclimation.

Calredoxin represents a novel type of calcium-dependent sensor-responder connected to redox regulation in the chloroplast