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Millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial period and deglaciation were accompanied by rapid changes in atmospheric CO 2  that remain unexplained. While the role of the Southern Ocean as a 'control valve' on ocean–atmosphere CO 2  exchange has been emphasized, the exact nature of this role, in particular the relative contributions of physical (for example, ocean dynamics and air–sea gas exchange) versus biological processes (for example, export productivity), remains poorly constrained. Here we combine reconstructions of bottom-water [O 2 ], export production and  14 C ventilation ages in the sub-Antarctic Atlantic, and show that atmospheric CO 2  pulses during the last glacial- and deglacial periods were consistently accompanied by decreases in the biological export of carbon and increases in deep-ocean ventilation via southern-sourced water masses. These findings demonstrate how the Southern Ocean's 'organic carbon pump' has exerted a tight control on atmospheric CO 2 , and thus global climate, specifically via a synergy of both physical and biological processes.

Biological and physical controls in the Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 changes