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Topological insulators are a recently discovered class of materials withfascinating properties: While the inside of the solid is insulating,fundamental symmetry considerations require the surfaces to be metallic. Themetallic surface states show an unconventional spin texture, electron dynamicsand stability. Recently, surfaces with only a single Dirac cone dispersion havereceived particular attention. These are predicted to play host to a number ofnovel physical phenomena such as Majorana fermions, magnetic monopoles andunconventional superconductivity. Such effects will mostly occur when thetopological surface state lies in close proximity to a magnetic or electricfield, a (superconducting) metal, or if the material is in a confined geometry.Here we show that a band bending near to the surface of the topologicalinsulator Bi$_2$Se$_3$ gives rise to the formation of a two-dimensionalelectron gas (2DEG). The 2DEG, renowned from semiconductor surfaces andinterfaces where it forms the basis of the integer and fractional quantum Halleffects, two-dimensional superconductivity, and a plethora of practicalapplications, coexists with the topological surface state in Bi$_2$Se$_3$. Thisleads to the unique situation where a topological and a non-topological, easilytunable and potentially superconducting, metallic state are confined to thesame region of space.

Coexistence of the topological state and a two-dimensional electron gas on the surface of Bi2Se3