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According to the current understanding of cosmic structure formation, theprecursors of the most massive structures in the Universe began to form shortlyafter the Big Bang, in regions corresponding to the largest fluctuations in thecosmic density field. Observing these structures during their period of activegrowth and assembly - the first few hundred million years of the Universe - ischallenging because it requires surveys that are sensitive enough to detect thedistant galaxies that act as signposts for these structures and wide enough tocapture the rarest objects. As a result, very few such objects have beendetected so far. Here we report observations of a far-infrared-luminous objectat redshift 6.900 (less than 800 Myr after the Big Bang) that was discovered ina wide-field survey. High-resolution imaging reveals this source to be a pairof extremely massive star-forming galaxies. The larger of these galaxies isforming stars at a rate of 2900 solar masses per year, contains 270 billionsolar masses of gas and 2.5 billion solar masses of dust, and is more massivethan any other known object at a redshift of more than 6. Its rapid starformation is probably triggered by its companion galaxy at a projectedseparation of just 8 kiloparsecs. This merging companion hosts 35 billion solarmasses of stars and has a star-formation rate of 540 solar masses per year, buthas an order of magnitude less gas and dust than its neighbor and physicalconditions akin to those observed in lower-metallicity galaxies in the nearbyUniverse. These objects suggest the presence of a dark-matter halo with a massof more than 400 billion solar masses, making it among the rarest dark-matterhaloes that should exist in the Universe at this epoch.

Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history