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Artificial spin ice systems have been introduced as a possible mean toinvestigate frustration effects in a well-controlled manner by fabricatinglithographically-patterned two-dimensional arrangements of interacting magneticnanostructures. This approach offers the opportunity to visualizeunconventional states of matter, directly in real space, and triggered a wealthof studies at the frontier between nanomagnetism, statistical thermodynamicsand condensed matter physics. Despite the strong efforts made these last tenyears to provide an artificial realization of the celebrated square ice model,no simple geometry based on arrays of nanomagnets succeeded to capture themacroscopically degenerate ground state manifold of the corresponding model.Instead, in all works reported so far, square lattices of nanomagnets arecharacterized by a magnetically ordered ground state consisting of localflux-closure configurations with alternating chirality. Here, we showexperimentally and theoretically, that all the characteristics of the squareice model can be observed if the artificial square lattice is properlydesigned. The spin configurations we image after demagnetizing our arraysreveal unambiguous signatures of an algebraic spin liquid state characterizedby the presence of pinch points in the associated magnetic structure factor.Local excitations, i.e. classical analogues of magnetic monopoles, are found tobe free to evolve in a massively degenerated, divergence-free vacuum. We thusprovide the first lab-on-chip platform allowing the investigation of collectivephenomena, including Coulomb phases and ice-like physics.

Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in an artificial realization of the square ice model