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Most of the metals (elements heavier than helium) ever produced by stars inthe member galaxies of galaxy clusters currently reside within the hot, X-rayemitting intra-cluster gas. Observations of X-ray line emission from thisintergalactic medium have suggested a relatively small cluster-to-clusterscatter outside of the cluster centers and enrichment with iron out to largeradii, leading to the idea that the metal enrichment occurred early in thehistory of the Universe. Models with early enrichment predict a uniform metaldistribution at large radii in clusters, while late-time enrichment, favored bysome previous studies, is expected to introduce significant spatial variationsof the metallicity. To discriminate clearly between these competing models, itis essential to test for potential inhomogeneities by measuring the abundancesout to large radii along multiple directions in clusters, which has nothitherto been done. Here we report a remarkably uniform measured ironabundance, as a function of radius and azimuth, that is statisticallyconsistent with a constant value of 0.306+/-0.012 Solar out to the edge of thenearby Perseus Cluster. This homogeneous distribution requires that most of themetal enrichment of the intergalactic medium occurred before the clusterformed, likely over 10 billion years ago, during the period of maximal starformation and black hole activity.

A uniform metal distribution in the intergalactic medium of the Perseus cluster of galaxies