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Searches for very-high-redshift galaxies over the past decade have yielded alarge sample of more than 6,000 galaxies existing just 900-2,000 million years(Myr) after the Big Bang (redshifts 6 > z > 3; ref. 1). The Hubble Ultra DeepField (HUDF09) data have yielded the first reliable detections of z ~ 8galaxies that, together with reports of a gamma-ray burst at z ~ 8.2 (refs 10,11), constitute the earliest objects reliably reported to date. Observations ofz ~ 7-8 galaxies suggest substantial star formation at z > 9-10. Here we usethe full two-year HUDF09 data to conduct an ultra-deep search for z ~ 10galaxies in the heart of the reionization epoch, only 500 Myr after the BigBang. Not only do we find one possible z ~ 10 galaxy candidate, but we showthat, regardless of source detections, the star formation rate density is muchsmaller (~10%) at this time than it is just ~200 Myr later at z ~ 8. Thisdemonstrates how rapid galaxy build-up was at z ~ 10, as galaxies increased inboth luminosity density and volume density from z ~ 8 to z ~ 10. The 100-200Myr before z ~ 10 is clearly a crucial phase in the assembly of the earliestgalaxies.

A candidate redshift z ~ 10 galaxy and rapid changes in that population at an age of 500 Myr