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In hierarchical cosmological models, galaxies grow in mass through thecontinual accretion of smaller ones. The tidal disruption of these systems isexpected to result in loosely bound stars surrounding the galaxy, at distancesthat reach $10 - 100$ times the radius of the central disk. The number,luminosity and morphology of the relics of this process provide significantclues to galaxy formation history, but obtaining a comprehensive survey ofthese components is difficult because of their intrinsic faintness and vastextent. Here we report a panoramic survey of the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Wedetect stars and coherent structures that are almost certainly remnants ofdwarf galaxies destroyed by the tidal field of M31. An improved census of theirsurviving counterparts implies that three-quarters of M31's satellites brighterthan $M_V < -6$ await discovery. The brightest companion, Triangulum (M33), issurrounded by a stellar structure that provides persuasive evidence for arecent encounter with M31. This panorama of galaxy structure directly confirmsthe basic tenets of the hierarchical galaxy formation model and reveals theshared history of M31 and M33 in the unceasing build-up of galaxies.

The remnants of galaxy formation from a panoramic survey of the region around M31