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The numbers didn’t add up. As Earth grew warmer and glaciers and ice sheets thawed, decades of satellite data seemed to show that the rate of sea-level rise was holding steady — or even declining. Now, after puzzling over this discrepancy for years, scientists have identified its source: a problem with the calibration of a sensor on the first of several satellites launched to measure the height of the sea surface using radar. Adjusting the data to remove that error suggests that sea levels are indeed rising at faster rates each year. “The rate of sea-level rise is increasing, and that increase is basically what we expected,” says Steven Nerem, a remote-sensing expert at the University of Colorado Boulder who is leading the re-analysis. He presented the as-yetunpublished data on 13 July in New York City at a conference sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme and the International Oceanographic Commission, among others. Nerem’s team calculated that the rate of sealevel rise increased from around 1.8 millimetres per year in 1993 to roughly 3.9 millimetres per year today as a result of global warming. In addition to the satellite-calibration error, his analysis also takes into account other factors that have influenced sea-level rise in the last several decades, such as the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 and the recent El Niño climate pattern. The results align with three recent studies that have raised questions about the earliest observations of sea surface height, or altimetry, captured by the TOPEX/Poseidon spacecraft, a joint US–French mission that began acquiring data in late 1992. Three subsequent satellites continued collecting such measurements. “Whatever the methodology, we all come up with the same conclusions,” says Anny Cazenave, a geophysicist at the Laboratory for Studies in Space Geophysics and Oceanography (LEGOS) in Toulouse, France. In an analysis published in Geophysical Research Letters in April, Cazenave’s team tallied up the various contributions to sea-level rise, including expansion resulting from warming ocean waters and from ice melt in places such as Greenland. Their results suggest R E M O T E S E N S I N G

Satellite snafu masked true sea-level rise for decades