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The ability to generate complex optical photon states involving entanglementbetween multiple optical modes is not only critical to advancing ourunderstanding of quantum mechanics but will play a key role in generating manyapplications in quantum technologies. These include quantum communications,computation, imaging, microscopy and many other novel technologies that areconstantly being proposed. However, approaches to generating parallel multiple,customisable bi- and multi-entangled quantum bits (qubits) on a chip are stillin the early stages of development. Here, we review recent developments in therealisation of integrated sources of photonic quantum states, focusing onapproaches based on nonlinear optics that are compatible with contemporaryoptical fibre telecommunications and quantum memory infrastructures as well aswith chip-scale semiconductor technology. These new and exciting platforms holdthe promise of compact, low-cost, scalable and practical implementations ofsources for the generation and manipulation of complex quantum optical stateson a chip, which will play a major role in bringing quantum technologies out ofthe laboratory and into the real world.

Chip-based photon quantum state sources using nonlinear optics