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Recently, the case for an immune component in the etiology of schizophrenia has regained support,1, 2 leading to randomized controlled trials to explore treatment with immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatory drugs.3 Both post-mortem4 and in-vivo studies5, 6 provided indications for an increased pro-inflammatory status in the brain of patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. A common characteristic of most if not all autoimmune diseases (AD) is their favourable response to immunoablation and rescue with bone marrow transplantation. It was established in radiation chimaeras more than 50 years ago that the immunological and hematological systems have a common stem cell. In the wake of this discovery came a strain of investigations into the role of the bone marrow in AD demonstrating that both hereditary AD and the susceptibility to induced AD could be transferred by hematopoietic stem cell transplants and that both forms of AD in experimental animals could be cured by an allogeneic BMT from healthy donors.7 Accordingly, the records of long-term survivors of an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) were searched for patients with a coexisting AD at the time of the transplant. Up to 1998, case histories of a total of 22 such patients were retrieved, all of whom except one went into complete remission of their AD.8 These findings did not initiate treatment of AD patients with allogeneic BMT because of the high risks of this procedure. However, after it was demonstrated both in rats with induced systemic arthritis and in rats suffering from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (model for multiple sclerosis) that autologous bone marrow transplants were potentially equally effective as allogeneic transplants, this modality has been widely explored for treating refractory AD of all sorts.9 The European Group for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) estimates that, worldwide, around 3000 AD patients have since been treated with autologous BMT; 1200 cases were entered in their database by June 2011.10 Overall 5-year survival rate of the first 900 cases analysed was 85%, with 43% progression-free survival.

Call for case histories of BMT in patients with coincident schizophrenia