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Phytohormone ethylene largely determines apple fruit shelf life and storability. Previous studies demonstrated that  MdACS1  and  MdACS3a , which encode 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases (ACS), are crucial in apple fruit ethylene production.  MdACS1  is well-known to be intimately involved in the climacteric ethylene burst in fruit ripening, while  MdACS3a  has been regarded a main regulator for ethylene production transition from system 1 (during fruit development) to system 2 (during fruit ripening). However,  MdACS3a  was also shown to have limited roles in initiating the ripening process lately. To better assess their roles, fruit ethylene production and softening were evaluated at five time points during a 20-day post-harvest period in 97  Malus  accessions and in 34 progeny from 2 controlled crosses. Allelotyping was accomplished using an existing marker (ACS1) for  MdACS1  and two markers (CAPS 866  and CAPS 870 ) developed here to specifically detect the two null alleles ( ACS3a-G289V  and  Mdacs3a ) of  MdACS3a . In total, 952  Malus  accessions were allelotyped with the three markers. The major findings included: The effect of  MdACS1  was significant on fruit ethylene production and softening while that of  MdACS3a  was less detectable; allele  MdACS1–2  was significantly associated with low ethylene and slow softening; under the same background of the  MdACS1  allelotypes, null allele  Mdacs3a  (not  ACS3a-G289V ) could confer a significant delay of ethylene peak; alleles  MdACS1–2  and  Mdacs3a  (excluding  ACS3a-G289V ) were highly enriched in  M. domestica  and  M. hybrid  when compared with those in  M. sieversii . These findings are of practical implications in developing apples of low and delayed ethylene profiles by utilizing the beneficial alleles  MdACS1-2  and  Mdacs3a .

horticulture research

Assessing the allelotypic effect of two aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase-encoding genes MdACS1 and MdACS3a on fruit ethylene production and softening in Malus