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SummaryFlowering and fruiting of males and females were compared in field populations of 13 species of New Zealand apioid Umbelliferae, which were selected to include a range of breeding systems from strict dioecy to various states of gynodioecy. In all populations, sex ratios were male-biased and, on average, males had more inflorescences per plant and more flowers per inflorescence than did females. However, females invariably had a higher proportion of ovary-bearing flowers. There was no significant difference between males and females in the proportion of ovary-bearing flowers which set fruit, or in the proportion of fruits which set both mericarps. Weight, length and germination of mericarps from males and females were also similar. In one species the progeny of females was larger in diameter than progeny of males before first flowering.The data are compared with the equilibrium values predicted by a genic model for the maintenance of females in gynodioecious populations. Results are in general agreement with the model, and deviations from the theoretical curve are discussed in relation to the reproductive biology of the species.

Test of a model predicting equilibrium frequencies of females in populations of gynodioecious angiosperms