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Aggregated vesicle-trafficking protein isoform TRAPPC6AΔ (TPC6AΔ) has a critical role in causing caspase activation, tau aggregation and A β  generation in the brains of nondemented middle-aged humans, patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 3-week-old  Wwox  gene knockout mice. WWOX blocks neurodegeneration via interactions with tau and tau-phosphorylating enzymes. WWOX deficiency leads to epilepsy, mental retardation and early death. Here, we demonstrated that TGF- β 1 induces shuttling of endogenous wild-type TPC6A and TPC6AΔ in between nucleoli and mitochondria (~40–60 min per round trip), and WWOX reduces the shuttling time by 50%. TGF- β 1 initially maximizes the binding of TPC6AΔ to the C-terminal tail of WWOX, followed by dissociation. TPC6AΔ then undergoes aggregation, together with TIAF1 (TGF- β 1-induced antiapoptotic factor), in the mitochondria to induce apoptosis. An additional rescue scenario is that TGF- β 1 induces Tyr33 phosphorylation and unfolding of WWOX and its the N-terminal WW domain slowly binds TPC6AΔ to block aggregation and apoptosis. Similarly, loss of WWOX induces TPC6AΔ polymerization first, then aggregation of TIAF1, amyloid  β  and tau, and subsequent cell death, suggesting that a cascade of protein aggregation leads to neurodegeneration.

WWOX dysfunction induces sequential aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, TIAF1, tau and amyloid β, and causes apoptosis