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Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), are involved in arthritic responses; however, whether interleukin-33 (IL-33) is involved in TLR3-mediated cartilage degeneration is unknown. Here, we found that IL-33 was abundantly increased in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis, especially the chondrocytes of weight-bearing cartilage. Furthermore, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) released from damaged articular chondrocytes induced by mechanical stretching upregulated IL-33 expression to a greater degree than IL-1 β  and tumor necrosis factor- α . dsRNA induced IL-33 expression via the TLR3-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) pathway. In addition, formation of the p65 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -γ  transcriptional complex was required for dsRNA-induced IL-33 expression. IL-33, in turn, acted on chondrocytes to induce matrix metalloproteinase-1/13 and inhibit type II collagen expression. These findings reveal that dsRNA released from damaged articular chondrocytes promotes cartilage degeneration via the TLR3-IL-33 pathway.

Double-stranded RNA released from damaged articular chondrocytes promotes cartilage degeneration via Toll-like receptor 3-interleukin-33 pathway