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Yersinia pestis  uses type III effector proteins to target eukaryotic signaling systems. The Yersinia outer protein (Yop) M effector from the  Y  . pestis  strain is a critical virulence determinant; however, its role in  Y. pestis  pathogenesis is just beginning to emerge. Here we first identify YopM as the structural mimic of the bacterial IpaH E3 ligase family  in vitro , and establish that the conserved CLD motif in its N-terminal is responsible for the E3 ligase function. Furthermore, we show that NLRP3 is a novel target of the YopM protein. Specially, YopM associates with NLRP3, and its CLD ligase motif mediates the activating K63-linked ubiquitylation of NLRP3; as a result, YopM modulates NLRP3-mediated cell necrosis. Mutation of YopM E3 ligase motif dramatically reduces the ability of  Y. pestis  to induce HMGB1 release and cell necrosis, which ultimately contributes to bacterial virulence. In conclusion, this study has identified a previously unrecognized role for YopM E3 ligase activity in the regulation of host cell necrosis and plague pathogenesis.

The Yersinia Type III secretion effector YopM Is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that induced necrotic cell death by targeting NLRP3