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While we recognize and encourage the development of alternative research techniques which do not involve animals, we consider that there are many questions in oncology research which can be answered only by the study of tumours growing i vivo. Animals with local or disseminated tumours are likely to experience pain and/or distress, thus justifying special care and attention from both licensees and others involved in their welfare. Associated techniques including surgical preparation, irradiation, and drug administration may increase the severity of an experimental procedure. Recognizing this, the United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) in 1988 set up an ad hoc committee to develop guidelines for research workers using animals in experimental neoplasia. The UKCCCR (for membership see below*) is charged by the major bodies involved in the funding of cancer research in the UK with the co-ordination and development of areas in which they have a common interest. The members of the ad hoccommittee were selected so as to represent a wide range of specialities which make use of animal tumour models in cancer research together with experts in animal husbandry and welfare and an observer from the Home Office Inspectorate. Feedback on the 1988 UKCCCR guidelines has indicated that these were well received and have been widely used in the UK, as well as having an influence overseas. It was explicitly stated in the 1988 guidelines that procedures practised upon animals in cancer research, and in particular that humane endpoints used, should be subject to a continuous process of refinement. Indeed the ‘Three Rs’, that is reduction (in numbers), refinement (of methods) and replacement (of animals by other techniques where appropriate) should constantly be borne in mind by all users of experimental animals (Russell and Burch, 1959; Roush, 1966; Balls, 1994; Festing, 1994; Flecknell, 1994). Both science and attitudes to animal work change. Accordingly, it was envisaged in the 1988 guidelines that these would be modified and updated as necessary. The present edition contains a number of changes and will again be modified in the future should this be necessary. To aid this process, feedback on the guidelines is actively encouraged. As before, particular emphasis within the guidelines is focused on the prediction and recognition of adverse effects and the implementation of humane end points. The majority of work in experimental neoplasia utilizes small laboratory animals, particularly rodents. Consequently we have drawn largely on available expertise with United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia (Second Edition)