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Recent researches suggest that there may be a relationship between neurohormones, immune status and cancer. The observations, on the basis of which this experiment was undertaken, run briefly as follows: tumour onset has been shown to be associated with changes in neuroendocrine functions. These include brain neurotransmitter concentrations (Vinnitsky, 1988), pineal activity and opioid peptide secretion (Esposti et al., 1988). Melatonin (MLT) represents the best understood hormone produced by the pineal gland, and it has a particular importance in the modulation of brain neurotransmitter pathways (Anton-Tay et al., 1968). MLT, therefore, has been proposed as a means of monitoring the neuroendocrine status during cancer development (Ebels, 1980). Several experimental observations have shown that both the pineal hormone MLT (Buswell, 1975) and endogenous opioid peptides (Morley et al., 1985) may influence cancer growth by regulating cell proliferation and immune reactions. In particular, MLT has been seen to induce the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors on immune cells (Cattaneo et al., 1988) and to synergise with IL-2 in the generation of LAK cells in some conditions (Maestroni et al., 1988). Because of the well documented importance of IL-2 in the activation of an effective antitumour immune response (Grimm et al., 1982), its interactions with neurohormones could play a role in regulating host antitumour biological response. In the light of this possibility, an investigation of the relationship between IL-2, MLT and the opioid peptide P-endorphin (END) was undertaken in patients with solid neoplasms. The experiment designed to develop an understanding of these findings was conducted from April 1989 to June 1989 in 84 consecutive patients (47 men, 37 women; median age 54 years, range 32-73) with histologically proven solid neoplasm. Tumour types were as follows: breast, 26; lung, 32 (non-small cell, 21; small cell, 11); colon, 12; stomach, 8; uterine cervix, 6. Distant organ metastases were present in 45 patients. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from each patient during the morning. Control samples were drawn from 58 ageand sex-matched healthy subjects, chosen among nursing staff and healthy blood donors. Serum levels of MLT, END and IL-2 were detected in every blood sample. IL-2 concentrations were measured by RIA method in accord with that previously described by Caderas (1986), using commercial kits (Advanced Magnetics Inc., Cambridge, MA). The assay uses an '251-labelled monoclonal antibody and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to human IL-2. IL-2 levels are expressed as mUml-', where

Serum interleukin-2 levels in relation to the neuroendocrine status in cancer patients