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The association of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) with the malignant epithelial cells of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma is well recognised. What is not so clear is the precise role, if any, of the virus in the establishment and maintenance of this disease and how various cofactors may interact with EBV to bring about the onset of the neoplasm. This meeting reviewed the current state of our understanding of some of the molecular biological processes relevant to the genesis, diagnosis and prevention of a cancer which afflicts several thousand people per year in southeast Asia and many others worldwide. Carcinogenesis is currently thought to be a multifactorial process and the virologists' enthusiasm was tempered by some epidemiological insights into the potential involvement of other agents. Nick Day (Cambridge) showed that a significant genetic predisposition to NPC is related to certain HLA types, in particular A2, B17, and BW46. Interestingly the last appears to be present only in Chinese populations. Guy de The (Lyon) pointed out that ethnic differences in similar geographical regions (eg Southern China) are associated with marked variations in the frequency of NPC and that these could be attributable to differences in food habits. Relatively high levels of nitrosamines and mutagens are found in some of the staple foods of high risk areas. Extracts from Chinese dried salted fish or some traditional food from Tunisia (another high risk area) act like the phorbol ester TPA to activate the latent EBV in Raji cells in tissue culture. Hans Wolf (Munich) showed results obtained by Yi Zeng (Beijing) demonstrating similar activation by extracts from several traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Over the past few years, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the association of cellular oncogenes with various cancers, but NPC has been conspicuously absent from most studies. Jin-Quan Jiang (Shanghai) presented data which showed that DNA extracted from NPC biopsies could be transfected into NIH 3T3 cells and cause cellular transformation. The transformants contained the human H-ras oncogene and would form tumours when injected into nude mice but they did not contain any EBV DNA. Since the fgr oncogene appears to be elevated in EBV-associated Burkitt's lymphoma, Nancy Raab-Traub (North Carolina) examined NPC biopsies and nude mouse-passaged cells for this gene but failed to find any association. However, the myc gene was found to be elevated in a liver metastasis from a primary NPC. Clearly the role, if any, of …

Twenty-second Paterson Symposium: Epstein-Barr Virus and the Molecular Biology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma