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History and purpo8e of -study IN 1954 arrangements were made jointly with the British Empire Cancer Campaign, Medical Research Council and Department of Scientific and Industrial Research to commence an investigation into the amounts of smoke, certain polycyclic hydrocarbons and trace elements irt the atmosphere at a number of places in North Wales and Liverpool Hospital Region with a view to relating them with the mortality from Cancer in the areas concerned. In the first instance 10 instriiments for continuous collection of smoke on filter papers were placed in urban and rural situations. These were equipped with meters to measure the volume of air passing through, and the filter papers were changed at weekly or monthly intervals and sent for hydrocarbon analysis to the M.R.C. Group at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and for trace element analysis to the Fuel Research Station of the D.S.I.R. at East Greenwich. Results of the measurements of 3 : 4 benzopyrene, pyrene, I : 12 benzoperylene and fluoranthene during 6 months from October, 1954, were published in 1955 (Stocks and Campbell, 1955) and results for two years together with data concerning trace elements during 19555 were given in 1958 (Stocks, 1958a). In the autumn of 1956 filters were installed at 13 more places in North Wales, Liverpool and Lancashire, including two in the Mersey Tunnel, two in bus and motor garages, and one in an office, each with an outside control. Hydrocarbon analyses for these and the subsequent series were made by Mr. B. T. Commins of the M.R.C. Group at the Dunn Laboratory. The filters were accompanied by high-speed instruments working alongside the low-speed type to obtain quantities of smoke more adequate for the spectrographic study of trace elements. A report on the smoke and hydrocarbon data from the 23 stations from October 1956 to April 1957 was published with tentative correlations with standardised mortality indices for cancer of the lung and intestine in 15 areas (Stocks, 1958b) At the end of 1957, aided by a grant from the Medical Research Council, the mortality data were extended to include bronchitis and pneumonia, and the region was widened by installing low-speed and high-speed filters at five more

british journal of cancer

On the Relations between Atmospheric Pollution in Urban and Rural Localities and Mortality from Cancer, Bronchitis and Pneumonia, with Particular Reference to 3:4 Benzopyrene, Beryllium, Molybdenum, Vanadium and Arsenic