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The objective was to evaluate the prognostic impact of pre-transplant minimal residual disease (MRD) as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 67 adult  NPM1 -mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Twenty-eight of the 67 patients had a  FLT3 -ITD (42%). Median age at transplantation was 54.7 years, median follow-up for survival from time of allografting was 4.9 years. At transplantation, 31 patients were in first, 20 in second complete remission (CR) and 16 had refractory disease (RD). Pre-transplant  NPM1  MRD levels were measured in 39 CR patients. Overall survival (OS) for patients transplanted in CR was significantly longer as compared to patients with RD ( P =0.004), irrespective of whether the patients were transplanted in first or second CR ( P =0.74). There was a highly significant difference in OS after allogeneic HSCT between pre-transplant MRD-positive and MRD-negative patients (estimated 5-year OS rates of 40 vs 89%  P =0.007). Multivariable analyses on time to relapse and OS revealed pre-transplant  NPM1  MRD levels &gt;1% as an independent prognostic factor for poor survival after allogeneic HSCT, whereas  FLT3 -ITD had no impact. Notably, outcome of patients with pre-transplant  NPM1  MRD positivity &gt;1% was as poor as that of patients transplanted with RD.

Pretransplant NPM1 MRD levels predict outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia