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In males, sperm production begins at puberty and lasts throughout reproductive life. This implies that a population of germ stem cells/progenitors must be maintained, amplified and differentiate throughout life to enable the continuous supply of sperm. Spermatogenesis is indeed divided into three phases: a proliferative phase, a meiotic phase and a postmeiotic spermiogenic phase. In the proliferative phase, undifferentiated spermatogonia stem cells are divided to maintain the principle undifferentiated stem cell population on the one hand, and on the other hand to amplify and differentiate a fraction of the spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes. In the meiotic phase, primary spermatocytes undergo two reductive divisions to give haploid round spermatids which in turn, differentiate to elongated spermatids during the spermiogenic phase. The entire spermatogenic process occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, where the differentiating germ cells are actually isolated from environmental signals. Sertoli cells, the only somatic cells within the tubules, can respond to environmental signals, such as hormones, and thus transmit the signals to the developing germ cells as discrete expression products that nurture them and support their differentiation. Some of these factors are expressed in a cyclical manner which is coordinated with the spermatogenic cycle and the developmental stage of the cells that associate with the Sertoli cells.

DMRT1 at the border between mitosis and meiosis