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ally directed spending can foul up agencies’ best-laid plans, claims James Savage, who studies academic ‘pork-barrelling’ — the designation of public funds for use in a politician’s home district — at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. The SIM money is not, strictly speaking, an ‘earmark’, a line item in the budget for an unrequested project. But Savage says a rising tide of scientific lobbying for specific projects has thwarted more general advocacy efforts to boost science funding as a whole. In the 1980s, there were just a few big research institutions that had Washington offices, Savage says. Now, many hundreds of colleges have offices or hire lobbyists. The money these lobbyists reel in has risen, too. In the 2008 spending bills, there were 2,500 research and development earmarks worth $4.5 billion, according to an analysis by Kei Koizumi at the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Griffin was himself effectively lobbying when he talked about the consequences of funding SIM, Boss says, knowing that the astronomy community would not want to sacrifice a mission such as the JWST for SIM. And so, at the Austin conference, SIM supporters responded with their own lobbying — wearing electronic lapel pins that flashed: ‘Go SIM Go!’ and ‘Support SIM!’. ■

Stem cells: a national project