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Brackish water does not have an exact definition, but it is typically defined as distastefully salty but less saline than seawater (between 1,000 to 10,000 ppm [parts per million] in total dissolved solids [TDS]). In addition to certain surface water settings such as estuaries, brackish water can be found in aquifers. In some regions of the country with limited availability of freshwater, desalination of brackish groundwater is being used as an alternative supply. Seawater usually contains a higher salt content, about 35,000 ppm as compared to 10,000 ppm or less for brackish water. Increased salt content increases the specific gravity, thus adding to the potential for suspended sediments. The table below summarizes different categories of saline water. General Categories of Saline Water Freshwater less than 1,000 ppm Slightly saline water from 1,000 to 3,000 ppm Moderately saline water from 3,000 to 10,000 ppm Highly saline water from 10,000 to 35,000 ppm *Ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt. Groundwater resource evaluations have focused primarily on the extent and properties of freshwater aquifers, so comparatively little is known about saline water–bearing units. Available evidence indicates that significant amounts of brackish groundwater exist around the country. For instance, Texas has an estimated 2.7 billion acre-feet of brackish groundwater. In New Mexico, 75 percent of groundwater is too saline for most uses without treatment. As water scarcity issues increase around the country and desalination technology becomes more affordable, more water managers are considering brackish groundwater as part of the mix of available water resources. By the late 1990s, there were more than 12,500 desalination plants in operation around the world. Although desalination supplies less than 1 percent of the potable water in the United States, desalination grew about 40 percent between 2000 and 2005. Among the world's largest inland desalination plants, the Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant in El Paso, Texas, has the capacity to treat up to 27.5 million gallons per day of brackish groundwater.

Brackish Water