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Although both nonscientists and scientists alike have long promoted the idea that sleep is beneficial to memory, recent work has shown that the effects of sleep on memory are selective: Sleep ‘selects,’ or preferentially consolidates, the most salient or goalrelevant aspect of an experience, resulting in facilitated retrieval of that information upon waking. In this review, we focus on the selective effects of sleep on emotional memory, highlighting 3 potential mechanisms responsible for these effects. We first discuss how the ‘replaying’ of information during consolidation leads to enhanced memory, with emotionally salient information being preferentially reactivated during sleep. We then discuss how the neurobiology of sleep—specifically, theta oscillations that may enable prefrontal-limbic connections and changing acetylcholine levels—may support the selective consolidation of emotional experiences. Lastly, we provide evidence that information that is preferentially consolidated during sleep may be initially selected during encoding, with endogenous cortisol ‘tagging’ a salient event as important to remember, thus leading to its prioritized consolidation during sleep. In addition to discussing the selective effects of sleep on emotional memory and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects, we emphasize the critical implications of this research for educational and vocational settings.

Selective effects of sleep on emotional memory: What mechanisms are responsible?