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Theories currently used to understand, predict, and promote physical activity and exercise represent information-processing models of the mind. A fundamental assumption underpinning these theories is that human judgment and decision-making processes are rational. Thus, interventions derived from these models are aimed to enhance “data input” (e.g., provide complete, accurate, and compelling information about health benefits) with the expectation that the rational evaluation of these data will result in the desired behavioral “output.” Given the modest effectiveness of interventions based on these models, we designed 2 experiments testing the validity of the assumption of rationality, focusing specifically on exercise-related judgments and decisions. In Experiment 1, exercise judgments were altered by shifting an arbitrary anchor, whose presence should have had no bearing on these judgments. In Experiment 2, the preference between a target exercise session and an alternative was increased by the mere addition of a third “decoy” exercise option. Together, these experiments demonstrate that important motivational variables, including the perceived desirability of exercise, affective attitude, intention, affective forecasts, and exercise choices can be manipulated in a predictable direction without providing any new relevant information, but by merely targeting specific, well-characterized heuristics. Therefore, these data provide evidence that the “bounded” nature of human rationality also manifests itself in exercise judgments and decisions. Researchers and exercise practitioners should consider incorporating heuristic processes within dual-process theoretical models of physical activity and exercise behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Changing minds: Bounded rationality and heuristic processes in exercise-related judgments and choices.