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To determine the extent to which false memories occurred in therapy or hypnosis before the “Memory Wars” controversy, we examined the early history of the phenomenon before 1980. We found evidence of perception distortion from the early hypnotists and mesmerizers, but only circumstantial evidence of memory distortion. The earliest firm evidence of false memories we found was during Bernheim’s hypnosis in 1884. After this date, we found additional evidence of varying strength, from memories of infancy that may be false, to episodic memories of past lives and alien abductions that are certainly false. Other strong evidence included 19th century evidence of hypnotists deliberately distorting memory, and their acknowledgment of doing so. We discuss how this evidence is consistent with recent false memory research. We suggest that without knowledge of the history of false memory formation, clinicians could be vulnerable to repeating the mistakes of the past.

False memories in therapy and hypnosis before 1980.