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Contained fluids heated from below spontaneously organize into convection cells when sufficiently far  from  conductive  equilibrium.   Fluids  can  also  be  organized ,by  surface ,tension and other forces at the top. Plate tectonics was once regarded as passive motion of plates on top ofmantle,convection  cells  but  it  now ,appears  that  continents  and  plate  tectonics  organize  the flow in  the mantle.  The flow  is  driven by instability of the,cold  surface layer and  near-surface lateral temperature gradients.  Plate tectonics may be a,self-driven far-from-equilibrium system that organizes itself by dissipation in and between,the plates. In this case the mantle is a passive provider of energy and material. The effect of pressure suppresses the role of the lower thermal boundary layer.   I  suggest  that  the  state  of  stress  in  the  lithosphere  defines  the  plates,  plate boundaries and locations of midplate volcanism, and that fluctuations in stress are responsible for global plate reorganizations and evolution of volcanic chains.

Plate Tectonics as a Far- From- Equilibrium Self-Organized System