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Cutting-edge research in the band engineering of nanowires at the ultimatefine scale is related to the minimum scale of a nanowire-based device. Thefundamental issue at the subnanometre scale is whether angle-resolvedphotoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) can be used to directly measure themomentum-resolved electronic structure of a single wire because of thedifficulty associated with assembling single wire into an ordered array forsuch measurements. Here, we demonstrated that the one-dimensional (1D)confinement of electrons, which are transferred from external dopants, within asingle subnanometre-scale wire (subnanowire) could be directly measured usingARPES. Convincing evidence of 1D electron confinement was obtained using twodifferent gold subnanowires with characteristic single metallic bands that werealternately and spontaneously ordered on a stepped silicon template, Si(553).Noble metal atoms were adsorbed at room temperature onto the gold subnanowireswhile maintaining the overall structure of the wires. Only one type of goldsubnanowires could be controlled using external noble metal dopants withouttransforming the metallic band of the other type of gold subnanowires. Thisresult was confirmed by scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments andfirst-principles calculations. The selective control clearly showed thatexternally doped electrons could be confined within a single gold subnanowire.This experimental evidence was used to further investigate the effects of thedisorder induced by external dopants on a single subnanowire using ARPES.

Direct momentum-resolved observation of one-dimensional confinement of externally doped electrons within a single subnanometre-scale wire