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The discovery of three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators opens agateway to generate unusual phases and particles made of the helical surfaceelectrons, proposing new applications using unusual spin nature. Demonstrationof the helical electron transport is a crucial step to both physics and deviceapplications of topological insulators. Topological insulator nanowires, ofwhich spin-textured surface electrons form 1D band manipulated by enclosedmagnetic flux, offer a unique nanoscale platform to realize quantum transportof spin-momentum locking nature. Here, we report an observation of atopologically protected 1D mode of surface electrons in topological insulatornanowires existing at only two values of half magnetic quantum flux ($\pm$h/2e)due to a spin Berry's phase ($\pi$). The helical 1D mode is robust againstdisorder but fragile against a perpendicular magnetic field breakingtime-reversal-symmetry. This result demonstrates a device with robust andeasily accessible 1D helical electronic states from 3D topological insulators,a unique nanoscale electronic system to study topological phenomena.

One-dimensional helical transport in topological insulator nanowire interferometers