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We have designed and synthesized four-R-helix-bundle proteins that accommodate heme groups to act as molecular "maquettes" of more complex natural electron-transfer proteins. These bundles can be oriented at an air-water interface and transferred onto solid surfaces to facilitate the exploration of the factors that govern biological electron transfer. We find that the orientation of these maquettes on an air -water interface can be controlled by choosing the distribution of charged amino acids along the sides of the helices exposed to water. The four R-helices were assembled either as two subunits, where each subunit consists of two R-helices linked by a terminal cysteine disulfide bond, or as a single, four-helix covalent unit consisting of two helix-loop-helix molecules linked by a terminal cysteine. In either case, when each R-helix contains both positively charged lysines and negatively charged glutamates, addition of the heme binding bundles to an air-water interface causes them to open up and lie on the surface with R-helical axes oriented parallel to the interface. In contrast, when the positive and negative charges are segregated on different helices (two negative, two positive) of the single covalent four- R-helix-bundle unit, the bundle preserved its integrity on transfer to the air-water interface. Moreover, the presence of heme dictates the orientation of the R-helical axes of the bundle with respect to the surface plane. The R-helices adopt a parallel orientation in the absence of heme and a perpendicular orientation in the presence of heme. Circular dichroism (CD) and ultraviolet- visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy supported by linear dichroism demonstrate that these molecular orientations are preserved in Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer films on solid substrate surfaces.

Engineering Oriented Heme Protein Maquette Monolayers through Surface Residue Charge Distribution Patterns