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When ice grows from water-containing impurities, it typically forms a matrix of crystals, and the impurities are rejected into the interstices of the matrix. This is the structure of sea ice, for example, which grows at the surface of the polar oceans when they are cooled from above during winter. In sea ice, the solid matrix is composed of pure ice platelets with randomly oriented horizontal c axes.1 The impurities, principally salt but also man-made pollution and biological organisms, are all concentrated in the interstices between the ice platelets. These impurities increase the density of the interstitial liquid and thus provide the potential energy to drive convection. Convective exchange between the interstitial fluid and the fluid below the growing sea ice has profound influences on the structure of the ice crystals, the salt flux delivered to the polar oceans, the transport of pollutants and the evolution of algae communities. We describe here a recent experimental study of convection during the growth of sea ice2 and some of the fundamental theoretical work that can be applied to elucidate the experimental observations. These demonstrate how and why the interstitial brine initially remains confined within the sea ice and identify a critical condition for the onset of brine drainage. The growth of sea ice is but one example of the solidification of multicomponent melts, or alloys. Such solidification has previously been studied in the context of metallurgical and geological applications. 3 The two-phase region comprising

Natural Convection, Solute Trapping, and Channel Formation during Solidification of Saltwater