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Plastic photovoltaic devices offer a real potential for making solar energy economically viable. Unfortunately, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells fabricated from blends of the commonly used materials poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM, sometimes exhibit low efficiencies even when the procedures followed often produce solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 5%. In this Letter, we show that this irreproducibility is caused by subtleties in the film processing conditions that ultimately lead to poor electron extraction from the devices. For low-performing devices, photogeneration and charge extraction with a linearly increasing voltage ramp (photo−CELIV) measurements show an order-of-magnitude difference in the effective mobilities of the electrons and holes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments reveal that the top surface of these low-performing devices is nearly pure P3HT. We argue that small variations in the solvent evaporation kinetics during spin-coati...

Improving the Reproducibility of P3HT:PCBM Solar Cells by Controlling the PCBM/Cathode Interface