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Simplified lipid mixtures are often used to model the complex behavior of the cell plasma membrane. Indeed, as few as four components-a high-melting lipid, a nandomain-inducing low-melting lipid, a macrodomain-inducing low-melting lipid, and cholesterol (chol)-can give rise to a wide range of domain sizes and patterns that are highly sensitive to lipid compositions. Although these systems are studied extensively with experiments, the molecular-level details governing their phase behavior are not yet known. We address this issue by using molecular dynamics simulations to analyze how phase separation evolves in a four-component system as it transitions from small domains to large domains. To do so, we fix concentrations of the high-melting lipid 16:0,16:0-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and chol, and incrementally replace the nanodomain-inducing low-melting lipid 16:0,18:2-PC (PUPC) by the macrodomain-inducing low-melting lipid 18:2,18:2-PC (DUPC). Coarse-grained simulations of this four-component system reveal that lipid demixing increases as the amount of DUPC increases. Additionally, we find that domain size and interleaflet alignment change sharply over a narrow range of replacement of PUPC by DUPC, indicating that intraleaflet and interleaflet behaviors are coupled. Corresponding united atom simulations show that only lipids within ∼2 nm of the phase interface are significantly perturbed regardless of domain composition or size. Thus, whereas the fraction of interface-perturbed lipids is negligible for large domains, it is significant for smaller ones. Together, these results reveal characteristic traits of bilayer thermodynamic behavior in four-component mixtures, and provide a baseline for investigation of the effects of proteins and other lipids on membrane phase properties.

Multiscale Modeling of Four-Component Lipid Mixtures: Domain Composition, Size, Alignment, and Properties of the Phase Interface