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At low temperatures (T ≤ 10 °C), the surface pressure−area (π−A) isotherms of some amphiphilic amides reveal a striking second critical point indicating the existence of a second phase transition between two condensed phases. Studies of 3-hydroxy-N-tridecyl propanoic acid amide (HTPA) monolayers have shown that this phase transition between two condensed phases is accompanied by an abrupt change of important 2D lattice parameters. Thorough grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) studies have revealed a new phenomenon. The cross-sectional area (A0) of the alkyl chain of HTPA jumps from a smaller value in the phase at the lower surface pressure to a larger value in the phase existing at higher pressure. The opposite behavior should be expected and is usually noted in the lattice structures of Langmuir monolayers. The phase diagram of the HTPA monolayers is constructed on the basis of the equilibrium π−A isotherms. The fact that two condensed monolayer phases exist and the phase observed above the fluid/c...

Cross-Sectional Area Increase at Phase Transition on Compression: An Unexpected Phenomenon Observed in an Amide Monolayer