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Insoluble BaSO 4 scale is a costly and time-consuming problem in the petroleum industry. Clearance of BaSO 4 -impeded pipelines requires chelating agents that can efficiently bind Ba 2+ , the largest nonradioactive +2 metal ion. Due to the poor affinity of currently available chelating agents for Ba 2+ , however, the dissolution of BaSO 4 remains inefficient, requiring very basic solutions of ligands. In this study, we investigated three diaza-18-crown-6 macrocycles bearing different pendent arms for the chelation of Ba 2+ and assessed their potential for dissolving BaSO 4 scale. Remarkably, the bis-picolinate ligand macropa exhibits the highest affinity reported to date for Ba 2+ at pH 7.4 (log K' = 10.74), forming a complex of significant kinetic stability with this large metal ion. Furthermore, the BaSO 4 dissolution properties of macropa dramatically surpass those of the state-of-the-art ligands DTPA and DOTA. Using macropa, complete dissolution of a molar equivalent of BaSO 4 is reached within 30 min at room temperature in pH 8 buffer, conditions under which DTPA and DOTA only achieve 40% dissolution of BaSO 4 . When further applied for the dissolution of natural barite, macropa also outperforms DTPA, showing that this ligand is potentially valuable for industrial processes. Collectively, this work demonstrates that macropa is a highly effective chelator for Ba 2+ that can be applied for the remediation of BaSO 4 scale.

Rapid Dissolution of BaSO4 by Macropa, an 18-Membered Macrocycle with High Affinity for Ba2+

Rapid Dissolution of BaSO₄ by Macropa, an 18-Membered Macrocycle with High Affinity for Ba²⁺