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Inteins are naturally occurring protein elements that catalyze their own excision from within a larger protein together with the ligation of the flanking "extein" sequences. Previously we reported the directed evolution of an intein-based molecular switch in which intein splicing in yeast cells was made dependent on the cell-permeable small molecule 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT). Here we show that these evolved inteins are effective means of rendering protein function and biological signaling pathway activation dependent on 4-HT in mammalian cells. We have characterized the generality, speed, and dose dependence of ligand-induced protein splicing in murine NIH3T3 cells and in human HEK293 cells. Evolved inteins were used to control in mammalian cells the function of Gli1 and a truncated form of Gli3, two transcriptional mediators of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Finally, we show that a complex biological process such as osteoblast differentiation can be made dependent on 4-HT using the evolved intein system. Our findings suggest that evolved small-molecule-dependent inteins may serve as a general means of achieving gene-specific, dose-dependent, post-translational, and small-molecule-induced control over protein activity in mammalian systems.

Control of Transcription Factor Activity and Osteoblast Differentiation in Mammalian Cells Using an Evolved Small-Molecule-Dependent Intein