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The use of slope analysis for interpreting extraction data is usually coupled with the assumption that the activity coefficients of the new chemical species that yield the changes in slope are ideal. This assumption is shown to be wrong in several extraction systems that are described. In particular, the phenomenon of ''backbending'' in certain tertiary ammonium salt systems is completely inexplicable under such an assumption, and incorrect extractant coordination numbers are obtained for trioctylphosphine oxide--strong acid species in poor solvents. As a result of this assumption literature values for aggregation numbers determined for alkylammonium salts in poor solvents may be too large.

Backbending and other deviations from ideality in extraction systems