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Refractory nanophotonics, or nanophotonics at high temperatures, canrevolutionize many applications, including data storage and waste heatrecovery. In particular, nanophotonic devices made from hyperbolic materialsare promising due to their nearly infinite photonic density of states (PDOS).However, it is challenging to achieve a prominent PDOS in existing refractoryhyperbolic materials, especially in a broad spectral range. Here, wedemonstrate that macroscopic films and architectures of aligned carbonnanotubes work as excellent refractory hyperbolic materials. We found thataligned carbon nanotubes are thermally stable up to $1600^{\circ}$C and exhibitextreme anisotropy - metallic in one direction and insulating in the other twodirections. Such extreme anisotropy makes this system a hyperbolic materialwith an exceptionally large PDOS over a broadband spectrum range (longer than$4.3\mu$m) in the midinfrared, exhibiting strong resonances in deeplysub-wavelength-sized cavities. We observed polarized, spectrally selectivethermal emission from aligned carbon nanotube films as well as indefinitecavities of aligned carbon nanotubes with volume as small as$\sim\lambda^3/700$ operating at $700^{\circ}$C . These experiments suggestthat aligned carbon nanotubes possess naturally large PDOS that leads tothermal photon densities enhanced by over two orders of magnitude, making thema promising refractory nanophotonics platform.

Macroscopically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as a Refractory Platform for Hyperbolic Thermal Emitters