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Dissolved Se(VI) removal by three commercially available zero-valent irons (ZVIs) was examined in oxic batch experiments under circumneutral pH conditions in the presence and absence of NO 3  - and SO 4  2- . Environmentally relevant Se(VI) (1 mg L -1 ), NO 3  - ([NO 3 -N] = 15 mg L -1 ), and SO 4  2- (1800 mg L -1 ) were employed to simulate mining-impacted waters. Ninety percent of Se(VI) removal was achieved within 4-8 h in the absence of SO 4  2- and NO 3  - . A similar Se(VI) removal rate was observed after 10-32 h in the presence of NO 3  - . Dissolved Se(VI) removal rates exhibited the highest decrease in the presence of SO 4  2- ; 90% of Se(VI) removal was measured after 50-191 h for SO 4  2- and after 150-194 h for SO 4  2- plus NO 3  - depending on the ZVI tested. Despite differences in removal rates among batches and ZVI materials, Se(VI) removal consistently followed first-order reaction kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses of reacted solids showed that Fe(0) present in ZVI undergoes oxidation to magnetite [Fe 3 O 4 ], wüstite [FeO], lepidocrocite [γ-FeOOH], and goethite [α-FeOOH] over time. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy indicated that Se(VI) was reduced to Se(IV) and Se(0) during removal. These results demonstrate that ZVI can be effectively used to control Se(VI) concentrations in mining-impacted waters.

Dissolved Selenium(VI) Removal by Zero-Valent Iron under Oxic Conditions: Influence of Sulfate and Nitrate